Preheat oven to 450°F. Put butter in an 8x8 metal pan.
Slide pan into oven until butter melts and sizzles.
Whisk flour, sugar, baking powder, salt, and cinnamon.
Stir in buttermilk and vanilla until just combined.
Pour batter into hot buttered pan. Do not stir.
Mix granulated sugar, brown sugar, cinnamon, and pinch salt.
Sprinkle cinnamon mix evenly over batter.
Drag a knife through to marble the top.
Bake until puffed and deep golden, 22–26 minutes.
Cool 10 minutes. Slice and serve warm.
Whisk glaze ingredients. Drizzle over warm biscuits, if desired.
Notes
No buttermilk? Stir 1 tbsp lemon juice into 1 2/3 cups milk and rest 5 minutes. Try cardamom with the cinnamon, or swap in nutmeg. Prefer salted butter? Reduce added salt slightly. A 9x9 pan works; start checking 3–4 minutes earlier.